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[Music]

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my title will changed a little bit and I

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will be talking about partner to star as

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an analog for Titan like exoplanets so

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I'm Ryan fault I'm a graduate student at

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Catholic University in DC and I do my

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research on NASA Goddard Space Flight

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Center in Maryland and I first want to

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lay out some ground lay out some reasons

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for why we should care about Titan in

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the regards to this search for life

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so as of that we have about 4,000 exit

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plants that we've detected it has and

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since we believe every star has at least

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one planet that means as telescope

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capabilities and mere size increase over

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the next year's and decades then the

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number of planets we have number of

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exoplanets that we have available to us

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to study this is going to expand

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exponentially and Titan with this very

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rates organic atmosphere and probably

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lifeless planet or lifeless moon means

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that we can use this to study and

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compare against exoplanets we find in

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future we're trying to look for that

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earth 2.0 essentially we're going to

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need to separate the lifeless from the

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life bearing or habitable once and Titan

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is a perfect place to find out more

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about what those extra plants may look

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like so if we see something that looks

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like a tight like EXO plant we can

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potentially remove it from this whole

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huge catalog of exoplanets and in the

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same vein learning about Titan can also

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tell us more about our own planets

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history specifically the prebiotic

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period of Earth in the same way that are

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learning about the prebiotic earth than

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any potential prebiotic type plants we

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find that at rocky potentially Earth's

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size we can also filter out from that

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huge catalogue while looking for earth

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2.0 background for Earth and Titan just

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can't get you from all right though

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you've already seen some Titan stuff in

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the previous talks

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the big takeaway once you

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to get from this is on earth we have

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liquid water and tiny we have liquid

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methane it's so cold that the methane is

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actually condensing and falling out of

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that Monsieur and then of course on

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earth we have dragons and Game of

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Thrones

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on Titan we have dragon fly the

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gyrocopter that's going to be allah

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going in about 2026

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and so are there any titan like extra

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planets out there well last year

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detectives were done for barnard star

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this is a system about six letters away

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and radio velocity detections showed

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evidence for a candidate planet called

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Barnard star B so the radio velocity

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detection method is simply if you have a

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star by itself it's got to rotate around

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its own set of bastards who are you be

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right down to taxes once you add in a

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plan there are a number of planets the

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center of mass is going to shift and so

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then the star will actually orbit that

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center of mass and as it shifts based on

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the geometry of the observer you're

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gonna have to start moving away and

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towards you causing a Doppler shift and

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from that Doppler shift you can actually

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pick out a planet and many exoplanets

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that we've already discovered where

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actually you've found this way this is

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one of the top ways so back to Barnard

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surbhi this is about 0.14 you from it's

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so star and that may sound pretty close

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concern we're one at you from a cheat

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class barnyard start Sam so that means

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it's going to be putting on less energy

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and so you can be closer and it still be

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pretty cold and that's one of the

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reasons we believe this may be a Titan

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like exoplanet because even though it's

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zero point for you away from its star

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it's so far enough away that is probably

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along this snow life and so that led our

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group to ask well could we actually

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image to this with a big Space Telescope

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and I'm now just going to go through the

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process that we did to answer that

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question so first off you're gonna need

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a big telescope specifically something

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on the range of probably fifteen meters

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so this is Lavar it's the large role for

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violent optical infrared telescope

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it's an astro 20:22 cable survey design

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concept so this has not been prioritized

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or anything like that if anything when

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it does if it is prioritized and

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launched it wouldn't launched until

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about 2040 but as I said it's a 15 meter

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this is louver RA there's also louver be

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version which is a 9 meter and here's

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this a size reference to so you can see

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you've had Hubble James weapon before so

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it's a pretty big telescope now looper

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has a whole slew of instruments on it

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one of them being Eclipse this is its

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coronagraph indirect imaging instrument

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and that's what will allow you to

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actually directly image the planet and

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this image here in the bottom left is an

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actual simulation of blue who are

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looking at our solar system 13 per

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second away and sure enough you can see

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your earth you can see earth Venus and

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Jupiter right there so that's where

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you're actually directly imaging you can

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see it where the coronagraph that's

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blocked out the light and you can see

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the planets so idea was then to take

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these tools and parameters and apply

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them to a web interface called the

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planetary spectrum generator this is a

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synthetic spectra simulator it's created

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by Geronimo Villanova if you want to

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check the website you can actually go to

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the link right now or write it down and

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check out later just psg and it gives

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you a whole slew of templates that you

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can pick from these are Planet templates

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and you can go in and edit them play

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around with them you can even create

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your own and load them up and run them

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to create your spectra if you can do

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things like play around with the

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geometry these are just some screenshots

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where you can

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you've got target challenging that you

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can adjust you can also mess around with

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atmospheric profiles so on the left this

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is just a pressure temperature profile

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for a random template that I took a

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screenshot of and then on the right

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you've got the altitude or pressure

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verse the abundance

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and in this one you can see there's a

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whole slew of gases that were put in

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there and you can remove these you can

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add them you can change the profile

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shape anything you want and so what we

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did was make a very simplified Titan was

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just nitrogen and methane as we saw it

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earlier toxicities remain the main

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pieces of Titan's atmosphere and we

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needed to validate the template we

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created first before we moved on to

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barnard star and so we took

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observational data from back in the 90s

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with a ground-based and then this

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century with the cassini-huygens mission

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and collected that day together and

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compared it against our spectra and

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these are the first results so this is a

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reflectance spectrum plot on the y-axis

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you've got that beat oh you can think

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this just is the shininess this is the

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light reflecting off of the planet and

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then the x-axis is just the wavelength

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is the light at whatever weights like

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you're talking about and we have the PSG

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or the planetary spectrum data in blue

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and then a combination of the ground and

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space-based in orange and then you can

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see the methane spikes here these are

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also thought it says the methane windows

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you can actually see down into Titan

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surface through these and it matches

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fairly well and another validation we

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did was look at the transit so ty

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Robinson took some of the transit some

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of the Titan data and analyzed that a

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point where Titan was actually passed

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between Cassini and the Sun so that

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meant the sun's Starlight was passing

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through Titan atmosphere and you could

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read it as though you agree is transit

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and that's what you did here same thing

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we set it up and plotted our data

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against some of Ty's observations now

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there are a few places where it's a

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little off and I wanted to first

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disappoint those out before we move on

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to the next part

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so around three microns there is this

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region where the PSG spikes but there's

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no spike in actual data and we believe

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that that's just due to missing ammonia

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and ethane the idea is that those

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species were added to our profile then

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this spike would drop back down and then

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in another region around 1 micron you

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can see here where the amplitude of some

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of the peaks don't match and we believe

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that's actually due to missing high

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train data high transduce high

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resolution transmission molecular

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database this is a database of observed

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and calculated quantum mechanical and

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solutions to these different molecules

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and it's used for radiative transfer

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codes usually so that is psg would get

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this data and use it when it does its

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radiative transfer calculations and sure

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enough you can see around 1 micron

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there's there's two black bands where

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there's no data and that matches very

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well with the peaks that had the

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different amplitudes in the previous

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plot so idea is if this count if this

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data was there those Peaks were matched

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now these quantum mechanical solutions

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are fairly hard to solve for certain

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species and at certain wavelengths is

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essentially this becomes incredibly

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computationally expensive to solve it so

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it's possible that we may not get these

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filled in anytime soon and so once we

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were comfortable with the Titan we had

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created we essentially just took it and

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moved it over to barnyard stars location

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or choose her star and put it where

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Barnard star B is and that's what I'm

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going to go through now so these are

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first initial results using a Titan like

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a Titan radius of about 2,500 kilometers

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it's the same type of chart before where

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you've got reflectance on the y axis and

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wavelength on the right and you've got

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your methane Peaks

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and then the vertical bars are the noise

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that's created by the PSG and then I've

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added a little bit of randomness to it

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and this block here this essentially

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says we think this is what loon for

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would be able to see so you get a little

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bit into the visible and some into the

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IR now what if you want to play around

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with the radius when you do really with

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the radial velocity technique

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you actually get a minimum mass and

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there's mass raid relations that have

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been developed by Y Z and Marcy there's

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a paper from 2014 that you could use for

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rocky terrestrial planets and so we

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applied that using the minimum mass

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calculated for Bardot to start B and got

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a radius of about eighty three hundred

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kilometers so now the radius has

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increased close to four times and sure

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enough you can see that the Norris bars

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drop drastically expanding our region of

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detectability well into then for red all

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of them this one now part of the UV and

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I just did the same thing again I

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increase the mass a little bit more and

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got ninety five hundred kilometers so it

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says the raises have gone up a little

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bit and the noise bars have dropped a

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little bit more and you still have about

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the same range so now we can go back to

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that question that I posed earlier

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finally whether we can image a big and

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whether we can image this plant with a

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big Space Telescope the answer is a

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resounding yes

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and really what I'd like you to walk

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away from this with if there's anything

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is that Titan like exoplanets are

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characterized well with big space

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telescopes and the next plans that we

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have for this are adding on more of the

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complex hydrocarbons to our profile to

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then increase the complexity of our

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spectra that we're generating and that

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we can see what other possible gases we

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can detect with Lubar this is our group

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back how much this women shout out and

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some of us start here in the crowd we're

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a whole mix of photochemical or modelers

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chemists space policy quantum mechanics

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we have people that do clouds so very

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diverse group and do you have any

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he's camp a good talk

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I was worried I was wearing the same we

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hi ReadyTalk I hate this is gonna sound

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like a dumb quiet all these ask please

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so it says so the blue wire does that

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use like the like a shield so it like

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blocks out so great right I can get back

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to it

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this is a shield to help block and then

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for blocking out the light from the

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starters that it would be looking at

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that would be using a coronagraph that's

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actually part of that's on the telescope

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itself there's also a possible idea of

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including the star shade who's here

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who's heard of star shade okay so that's

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another ideas you would have the star

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shade which would be a completely

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independent object or shade out in front

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of flew far and you know you stay in

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line with it while it's looking around

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but this at houses does not include star

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shade hey did you look at the

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photochemical of stability of a type of

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hemisphere environment star so this is

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all during the radio transistor I

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separately so no I separately am working

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on Titan using photochemical models and

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so it's possible that we're probably at

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some point once we get that template

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working apply will probably do similar

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thing plug all of those / falls into PSG

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and run it again but now I haven't

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looked at any stability yeah thank you

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hi thanks for your talk um you alluded

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to this a little bit but I'm wondering

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what you think about the whole minimum

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NASA issue for this because it looks

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like the mass really like the spectrum

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that you get really sensitively depends

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on mass so how do you like get the

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inclination so we don't know that

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clinician that is something that maybe

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with future better observations do be it

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will get but that I mean so we stuck

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around us think the nation's depending

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on the geometry if you're looking at it

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like this and the stars orbiting this

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way you're not going to get any shift

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what it depending on how its tilted

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towards you you're gonna then start

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getting show and that's where the

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minimum mass comes in because then I

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believe it's just something like then

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you have the sine of the angle of the

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inclination equal to help you get the

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minimum mass so for this actually I was

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thinking about this sort of sitting down

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is what's stopping this from just being

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like something like a hot Jupiter or

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something or any kind of much larger non

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terrestrial planet and I believe in us

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to do with the fact that this that

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Barnard sir has been studied for years

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if actually I think decades they were

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looking for just this they were sifting

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through this data for a pretty long time

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and we thought we found a planet on a

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Barnard star system before and it ended

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up not being true I believe that what's

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constraining this to being a terrestrial

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planet is that it's not we would have to

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picked up some kind of transit or

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something else if it was larger then if

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it because right now we're not really

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able to identify exoplanets sort of that

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small but something like the transit

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mounted so the fact that it hasn't

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transit did I believe is why is one of

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the reasons that we can think it's still

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going to be reduced in size hi great

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talk would we be able to study these

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planets with leVoir be no Lavar be had

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the merest too small year of issues

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worth resolving power and enter working

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angle and it's no it wouldn't you

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wouldn't be able to do this alright and

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i think it's about time if you have any